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Conditionals: Summary

Here is a chart to help you to visualize the basic English conditionals. Do not take the 50% and 10% figures too literally. They are just to help you.

probability		conditional	example	time
100%		zero conditional	If you heat ice, it melts.	any time
50%		first conditional	If it rains, I will stay at home.	future
10%		second conditional	If I won the lottery, I would buy a car.	future
0%		third conditional	If I had won the lottery, I would have bought a car.	past

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Zero Conditional

Zero Conditional: certainty

We use the so-called zero conditional when the result of the condition is always true, like a scientific fact.

Take some ice. Put it in a saucepan. Heat the saucepan. What happens? The ice melts (it becomes water). You would be surprised if it did not.

IF	condition	result
	present simple	present simple
If	you heat ice	it melts.

Notice that we are thinking about a result that is always true for this condition. The result of the condition is an absolute certainty. We are not thinking about the future or the past, or even the present. We are thinking about a simple fact. We use the present simple tense to talk about the condition. We also use the present simple tense to talk about the result. The important thing about the zero conditional is that the condition always has the same result.

We can also use when instead of if, for example: When I get up late I miss my bus.

Look at some more examples in the tables below:

IF	condition	result
	present simple	present simple
If	I miss the 8 o'clock bus	I am late for work.
If	I am late for work	my boss gets angry.
If	people don't eat	they get hungry.
If	you heat ice	does it melt?

result	IF	condition
present simple		present simple
I am late for work	if	I miss the 8 o'clock bus.
My boss gets angry	if	I am late for work.
People get hungry	if	they don't eat.
Does ice melt	if	you heat it?

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Conditional Sentence Type 3

Third Conditional: no possibility

The first conditional and second conditionals talk about the future. With the third conditional we talk about the past. We talk about a condition in the past that did not happen. That is why there is no possibility for this condition. The third conditional is also like a dream, but with no possibility of the dream coming true.

Last week you bought a cinema ticket. But you did not come to the cinema. :-(

	condition	result
	Past Perfect	WOULD HAVE + Past Participle
If	I had come to the cinema	I would have watched the movie.

Notice that we are thinking about an impossible past condition. You did not come to the cinema. So the condition was not true, and that particular condition can never be true because it is finished. We use the past perfect tense to talk about the impossible past condition. We use WOULD HAVE + past participle to talk about the impossible past result. The important thing about the third conditional is that both the condition and result are impossible now.

Look at some more examples in the tables below:

IF	condition	result
	past perfect	WOULD HAVE + past participle
If	I had seen Mary	I would have told her.
If	Tara had been free yesterday	I would have invited her.
If	they had not passed their exam	their teacher would have been sad.
If	it had rained yesterday	would you have stayed at home?
If	it had rained yesterday	what would you have done?

result	IF	condition
WOULD HAVE + past participle		past perfect
I would have told Mary	if	I had seen her.
I would have invited Tara	if	she had been free yesterday.
Their teacher would have been sad	if	they had not passed their exam.
Would you have stayed at home	if	it had rained yesterday?
What would you have done	if	it had rained yesterday?

irregular verbs
Exercises of CS type 3>>
Exercises of CS type 3>>
zero conditional


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Conditional Sentence type 2

Second Conditional: unreal possibility or dream

The second conditional is like the first conditional. We are still thinking about the future. We are thinking about a particular condition in the future, and the result of this condition. But there is not a real possibility that this condition will happen. For example, you do not have a cinema ticket. Is it possible to watch in the cinema? No! No  ticket, no watch! But maybe you will buy a  ticket in the future. So you can think about watching in the future, like a dream. It's not very real, but it's still possible.

IF	condition	result
	past simple	WOULD + base verb
If	I had the ticket	I would watch the movie.

Notice that we are thinking about a future condition. We use the past simple tense to talk about the future condition. We use WOULD + base verb to talk about the future result. The important thing about the second conditional is that there is an unreal possibility that the condition will happen.

Here are some more examples:

IF	condition	result
	past simple	WOULD + base verb
If	I met Mary	I would be happy.
If	Ram became rich	he would buy a new car.
If	it snowed next July	would you be surprised?
If	it snowed next July	what would you do?

result	IF	condition
WOULD + base verb		past simple
I would be happy	if	I met Mary.
Ram would buy a new car	if	he became rich.
Would you be surprised	if	it snowed next July?
What would you do	if	it snowed next July?

Conditional Sentence type 3
Irregular verbs

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Conditional Sentence Type 1

First Conditional: real possibility

We are talking about the future. We are thinking about a particular condition or situation in the future, and the result of this condition. There is a real possibility that this condition will happen. For example, it is morning. You are at home. You plan to play tennis this afternoon. But there are some clouds in the sky. Imagine that it rains. What will you do?

IF	condition	result
	present simple	WILL + base verb
If	it rains	I will stay at home.

Notice that we are thinking about a future condition. It is not raining yet. But the sky is cloudy and you think that it could rain. We use the present simple tense to talk about the possible future condition. We use WILL + base verb to talk about the possible future result. The important thing about the first conditional is that there is a real possibility that the condition will happen. Here are some more examples (do you remember the two basic structures: [IF condition result] and [result IF condition]?):

IF	condition	result
	present simple	WILL + base verb
If	I see Mary	I will tell her.
If	Tara is free tomorrow	he will invite her.
If	they do not pass their exam	their teacher will be sad.
If	it rains tomorrow	will you stay at home?
If	it rains tomorrow	what will you do?

result	IF	condition
WILL + base verb		present simple
I will tell Mary	if	I see her.
He will invite Tara	if	she is free tomorrow.
Their teacher will be sad	if	they do not pass their exam.
Will you stay at home	if	it rains tomorrow?
What will you do	if	it rains tomorrow?

exercises!

Some friends are planning a party. Everybody wants to party, but nobody's really keen on preparing and organising the party. So everybody comes up with a few conditions, just to make sure that the others will also do something.

Complete the Conditional Sentences Type I.

1. If Caroline and Sue prepareprepareswill prepare the salad, Phil decoratedecorateswill decorate the house.
2. If Sue cutcutswill cut the onions for the salad, Caroline peelpeelswill peel the mushrooms.
3. Jane hooverhooverswill hover the sitting room if Aaron and Tim movemoveswill move the furniture.
4. If Bob tidytidieswill tidy up the kitchen, Anita cleancleanswill clean the toilet.
5. Elaine buybuyswill buy the drinks if somebody helphelpswill help her carry the bottles.
6. If Alan and Rebecca organiseorganiseswill organise the food, Mary and Conor makemakeswill make the sandwiches.
7. If Bob looklookswill look after the barbecue, Sue letletswill let the guests in.
8. Frank playplayswill play the DJ if the others bringbringswill bring along their CDs.
9. Alan mixmixeswill mix the drinks if Jane givegiveswill give him some of her cocktail recipes.
10. If they all dodoeswill do their best, the party isarewill be great.

Conditional Sentence type 2 


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Samsung set to unveil iPhone challenger

(Financial Times) -- If Apple were to challenge its smartphone competitors to a contest with its all-conquering iPhone 4S, Samsung's Galaxy S would probably be the model thrown into the arena to compete.

A new, third version of the Galaxy S will be unveiled in Earls Court, London, on Thursday amid speculation that it could be the official phone for the 2012 Olympics, which Samsung is sponsoring.

It will be a flagship phone but one added to the many models offered by Samsung that now make it hard to catch in the smartphone race, according to some analysts. Juniper Research reported on Tuesday that Samsung overtook Apple again in smartphone sales in the first quarter "in what is increasingly becoming a two-horse race".

It estimated that the two companies provided 60 per cent of the 139m smartphones shipped worldwide, up from 46 per cent in the previous quarter. Samsung "may now have established a firm lead" with 47m units to Apple's 35m, Juniper said; although analysts have widely different estimates of Samsung sales, which are not specified by the company.

Samsung overtakes Apple, Nokia in phone sales

Apple still leads in handset revenues though, according to Juniper, with sales of $22.7bn in the first quarter compared with about $17bn for Samsung, including the Korean company's non-smartphones, or feature phones.

Samsung has produced a wide variety of smartphones running Android, Windows Phone and its own Bada operating systems. Screen sizes have varied wildly, ranging as big as the 5.3in Galaxy Note, a smartphone/tablet hybrid equipped with a stylus. In contrast, Apple has stuck to a 3.5in screen size since the iPhone's debut and sales are focused on the latest 4S model, although the 4 and 3GS versions continue to be available.

While Samsung has enjoyed success with the Note and built Google its own flagship smartphone in the Galaxy Nexus, it is the Galaxy S that has won the most praise from critics and proved the most popular with customers.

After the Galaxy S II was introduced last year, TechRadar blog gave it five stars and said it set a new bar for smartphones in 2011, while Engadget gave it 9 out of 10 and called it "the best Android smartphone yet" and "possibly the best smartphone, period".

Samsung sold 10m units in the first five months and, after it was introduced in the US in autumn, sales had reached 20m by February this year.

"The S II has been a phenomenon," says Ben Wood, mobile analyst with CCS Insight. "Its volumes have been eye watering and it really has been the making of Samsung, while other competitors have fallen away."

The blogosphere has been rampant with rumours of what the Galaxy S III will feature. It is expected to have Samsung's own Exynos quad-core processor, improved video performance, a screen size as large as 4.8in, possibly a 12 megapixel camera, an NFC chip for payments and data exchanges, while it will run the latest version of the Android operating system, codenamed Ice Cream Sandwich.

"We're expecting a super-thin device with a stunning display and a top-of-the-line processor," said Mr Wood.

Mr Wood predicted it would quickly become the number-one selling Android smartphone but added that the true test of the device would come later this year when Apple launches its next iteration of the iPhone.

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Disita, Mobil Tanpa Pengemudi Google Jadi Mainan Pak Polisi

Las Vegas - Mobil tanpa penumpang Google sudah beroperasi di Nevada, AS dan akhir pekan lalu sukses mengantar pria tunanetra jalan-jalan. Namun catatan manis itu agak tercoreng karena mobil itu disita polisi.

Seperti dilansir RedOrbit.com, polisi Las Vegas menemukan mobil itu berkendara zig-zag di jalanan dan melakukan putaran balik di tempat yang tidak tepat akhir pekan lalu.

Polisi pun langsung 'menyergap' mobil tersebut, namun mobil itu tidak menanggapi permintaan polisi untuk menepi. Setelah sekitar 3 mil membuntuti mobil tersebut, mobil polisi akhirnya maju ke depan mobil, dan kaget karena mobil itu tidak ada pengemudinya.

Barulah mereka sadar kalau Toyota Prius yang mereka kejar adalah sebuah mobil tanpa penumpang yang sedang dikembangkan Google.

Google sebelumnya mendapatkan lampu hijau untuk mengoperasikan mobil tersebut di jalanan negara bagian Nevada AS termasuk Las Vegas dengan menggunakan berbagai piranti canggih seperti laser, radar dan GPS untuk menghindari kemacetan.

Tetapi karena mobil itu berjalan tidak beraturan, polisi akhirnya menderek mobil tersebut ke kantor polisi dan sebuah kabel pun disiapkan untuk menahan agar si mobil pintar itu tidak kabur.

Namun meski sudah menyita mobil, polisi pun kebingungan memproses mobil ini.

"Kendaraan ini mengemudi dengan cara yang tidak teratur dan tampak terganggu. Sesuai hukum, (pemiliknya) harus berhadapan dengan hakim di pengadilan, tetapi kami tidak bisa memproses kasusnya karena tidak ada bukti asuransi," ujar Kapten Griffith dari Kepolisian Las Vegas.

Yang unik, para petugas polisi pun menjadikan mobil itu sebagai barang mainan dan menyukainya.

"Kami memindahkan kendaraan tersebut ke lahan parkir di belakang penjara. Dan para petugas polisi yang tidak sedang bertugas menikmati duduk di dalamnya sambil mengecek status Facebook dan memainkan Angry Birds dengan sistem navigasi di dashboard," tambahnya.

Juru bicara Google, Penny Goodfellow menuturkan kemungkinan mobil itu bertingkah aneh karena salah seorang insinyurnya tengah mengalami perceraian. Dan kemungkinan besar algoritma Google menerjemahkan situasi mental orang tersebut menjadi instruksi untuk menjalankan kendaraan.

"Kami meminta maaf atas segala masalah yang ditimbukan oleh kendaraan kami, dan kami akan memastikan hal ini tidak terjadi lagi," ujarnya. Aduh ada-ada saja ya?


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